Chopper opamps

Chopper-stabilized opamps are in many cases the only feasible alternative when we want to amplify very small direct voltages. In this article we will explore why chopper opamps have such excellent d.c. characteristics. A theoretical background to the operation of interesting new devices is given, followed by a discussion of some inherent problems (and, of course, proposed solutions). The article is closed off with an overview of the most popular chopper opamps currently available.