Wherever possible in Elektor circuits, transis- tors and diodes are simply marked `TUP` (Transistor, Universal PNP), `TUN` (Transistor, Universal NPNI, `DUG` I Diode, Universal Ger- manium) or `DUS` (Diode, Universal Silicon). This indicates that a large group of similar devices can be used, provided they meet the minimum specifications listed above.
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