Wherever possible in Elektor circuits, transis-tors and diodes are simply marked `TUP` (Transistor, Universal PNP), `TUN` (Transistor, Universal NPN), `DUG` (Diode, Universal Ger-manium) or `DUS` (Diode, Universal Silicon). This indicates that a large group of similar devices can be used, provided they meet the minimum specifications listed in tablas 1a and 1b.
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