Nowadays some first-rate voltage references are available. Take the LM385 for example: this is available for different voltages and even comes in an adjustable version. What is more, the current consumption may be kept very small (10 µA). But as often happens, you may not have one to hand when you need one for an experimental circuit.In that case, you could use an ordinary zener diode for the reference. Unfortunately, they have a somewhat higher internal resistance (about 5 ?), which means they won’t be very stable when the supply voltage varies.
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